In the first part I talked about resources. In the second post, I mentioned the need of logic and visualization. In the third post I talked about various platforms and the need to pick one to start with. In the fourth post I talked about modeling techniques, the development process and the need for documentation. And now I want to start talking about the first programming language that you should learn, plus the book that will teach you the basics.

This first language should be the Standard C language. Also known as ANSI C or ISO C, or just C. Developed by Dennis Ritchie, who died in 2011 but who also pioneered at developing a programming language meant to create operating systems. Or actually, just UNIX. And the reasoning behind this programming language was that this single language should be able to compile application for all operating systems and computer platforms and a piece of code should do exactly the same on all those platforms. And C supports so many processors and operating systems, making it one of the most important programming languages ever.

The book you will need is “The C Programming Language” by Brian Kernighan and Dennis Ritchie and is less than 300 pages with only 8 chapters and two appendices. And that’s another reason why you should start with C. This language is just plain and simple, yet contains the most important things you will need to learn about programming.

And remember that I have said that programming languages themselves are not important. Using the right technique is. You use languages like tools to solve a problem by making a product. This is also true for C. You should learn it but chances are that you won’t use this language that often. However, many principles in C are also common in other languages. And the C syntax has been borrowed by various other languages too so if you’re familiar with C, you will be able to handle quite a few other programming languages.

If you spend a day on each chapter and take two extra days for the appendices then you’d need 10 days to go through the whole book! In a normal work week, that would be just two weeks to learn a new programming language. The most complex part will actually be working with pointers and memory, which is just something you should know about before moving to other languages. You should understand the principles behind it.

Programming isn’t complex anyways. You’re generally just dealing with three things. You have basic statements, which e.g. assign a value to a variable or display a text on the screen. You have conditions where you will decide which step you will take next based on some value. And you have loops, which allows you to repeat a group of statements.

And there’s something that you can call a compound statement, which is basically a combination of statements, conditions and loops grouped together to create a “new” statement. In C, those are called functions but in other languages they’re also called procedures or methods. And you use these to add structure to your code.

And understanding structure is important in programming. Any data that your code will process will be in a specific data structure. And the code you write will also be in some structure. And even your computer in connection with other hardware will have a specific structure. And as a programmer you will have to use a lot of structures.

So, the C language is generally quite simple. But it is made more complex because the language allows programmers to create very badly structured code and with a lack of documentation, such code becomes extremely difficult to read. Still, C is extremely popular and it is likely that you will have to deal with projects that were developed in C.

For example, most operating systems. Linux, BSD, UNIX, OS X, IOS, Android and Microsoft Windows are all operating systems where the developers used C to write these. And a graphical library like OpenGL is also based on the C language. And these are all extremely complex projects but they have all histories that go back several decades. Even the old MS-DOS was a mixture of both C code and Assembly.

A game like NetHack is also written in C because it has a high performance and because it allows the game to run on basically any platform.

But I’m not telling you that you should learn C to use it, but to better focus on the basics of programming itself. Learn it, then focus om other programming languages, including the various Object Oriented programming languages.

After learning C you could consider C++, Java, C# or even languages like FreePascal, PHP, Python, Visual Basic and many others. But those languages all are way more complex than plain old Standard C. Especially the addition of OO in languages like C++ and Java will add quite a bit of extra complexity.

But C tends to scare off some people just because such complex projects have been created with it. And because some programmers have actually written cryptic C code to confuse others who try to read it. You can actually obfuscate your C code by removing spaces and line breaks and by using various shorthand notations and little tricks. There’s actually a competition to create obfuscated C code, held yearly since 1984!

Don’t be scared to learn C! Once you learn it you will realise that it’s actually quite simple. Don’t try to immediately write complex applications and especially don’t try to make complex GUI applications or 3D render engines with OpenGL because that is way too complex to start with. Start simple by creating console applications like Hangman, where you type letters to guess a word. Use a plain text as user interface since you will learn to make complex GUI applications in the future, once you’ve improved your programming skills! Focus on the C language first.

So I’ve mentioned the various resources you can use. I’ve also said that you need to train to think more logical and to visualize your designs. And I’ve told you to pick a target platform for which you will be developing at first. (You can always pick more platforms later.) So if you’d expect that I would start focusing on programming languages then you’re wrong!

Even though I did mention C as a very practical language since it is supported by a lot of platforms, I will still have to focus on a very important process in software design, which is basically the whole development cycle.

As I said, I learned programming from my father. My father, who was a software developer for the ING, a large bank in the Netherlands, has had quite a few trainings in software development. This included the System Development Methodology that was developed by a company in the Netherlands called PANDATA. (Now known as CapGemini.) This was a very important development for managing large projects and focuses on planning and organisation of new projects.

With SDM, several phases are identified that can still be applied to modern development. While it originated as a Waterfall model because you would move from phase to face, yet the same model can also be applied to Agile software development but on a smaller scale. SDM isn’t just the process of turning an idea into a final product but also to adding changes to existing projects. And you can do this in a few big steps and thus have a waterfall, or you do this in a lot of small steps and thus be Agile.

So let’s look at the phases defined by SDM and how you would use them for your own projects.

IP: Information planning

In general, each new project of addition to an existing project starts with an idea that needs to be evaluated. For example, you want to create an online address book for your employees with information about valuable clients. There are plenty of projects that already do this but I just need an example.

You would have to start to look at what you want to solve by this project. How much will this project improve your business. Who will be using it and what does everyone expect to get out of this project?

These questions also occur in an Agile environment because you will often see new feature requests that you will have to consider if they should be implemented and what people would expect from this implementation.

In general, this is when you would also sign a contract with the client for whom you’re going to make this once both sides agree on what the idea will be. And no, this does not mean that you will set a deadline for when it will be finished but you are agreeing on the steps that need to be taken to turn the idea into a final product. As a result, you will need some good documentations about this idea before you continue with it.

Thing is, once documented you will have to stick to whatever you’ve agreed with the customer unless things are impossible to implement. Once the project is done, it should match this documentation. But you are allowed to change the documentation if your client agrees to those changes!

DS: Definition study

Once you have an idea of what everyone expects, you could start looking at the needs to implement this. Do you need extra resources for data storage? Do you need extra security? Are there any possible legal issues with storing data of clients in your database? (Some countries do have strict privacy laws!) Which techniques will have to be used and how important will this be?

In an Agile environment, this would basically mean that you create a new work item into the system which will be split in smaller steps in the next phases. You will have to check if you have the required resources to create and publish the project. For example, your customer might have a Linux web server while you use Windows to develop your PHP code. This means that you need at least one Linux environment similar to what the customer uses for testing purposes and additional experiments. That would be a resource that you need to get.

BD: Basic design

During this phase you will consider how the project will look like when it is functional. Basically, this means creating a functional design with images of what the user interface will look like. You will also need to consider how the various parts of your project will work together without being too detailed.

This doesn’t need to take much time, but you need your customer to agree upon how things will look. For one project I’ve worked on, the customer wanted an export button as part of a desktop application that would send a selection of data as XML to a web service. So I used Microsoft Paint to just draw an extra button on a screenshot and mailed this to the customer together with a short description of the data fields that we would sent. It can be that simple and often people don’t even notice this phase during the design.

But in general, you will have to discuss the look & feel of the project with your customer. Even when you’re using Agile methods, your client still needs to be informed about how it would look. Thing is, if the customer disagrees with the new GUI layout, you’d better know this before you’ve written all the code than afterwards.

These functional designs and screenshots would become part of the child work items for your project. In an agile environment, this could mean that you have a dozen or more small designs that are put on the backlog to be picked up.

DD: Detailed design

The next step is going into more details. Here you would think about the database structure, generic architecture of the project, additional libraries that you might need and basically all technical requirements that you will need for each work item from the previous phase.

In my case with the export button, I needed to know which web service I needed to call and what data structure it needed for me to send data to it. I also needed the data model of the application itself so I could make a plan for collecting the data and sending it to the web service.

It is likely that you will have multiple child work items for each work item from the BS phase. For this button I would have a work item for adding the button to the form, a work item to get access to the web service and a work item from mapping the data from the database to whatever the web service needs.

I could also have added just one child work item but it is good to be detailed in the things you do, so you can check if you haven’t forgotten anything. And even though these are all small tasks to do, it is useful to know which part will get you stuck for whatever reason. In this case, it could be that the web service that I try to connect to has problems. When others are examining the work items, it is much clearer when the item “Connect to web service” is still open than if “Add button” is still open. With the latter, it would be more unclear why things got stuck.

R: Realization

This is when you do the actual coding! You create the database, create all the forms, add all the logic to connect it all and you’re basically going through all work items in the system until the root work item is telling you that everything is done.

In a waterfall environment, this often means that you might have a few hundreds of pages with text, containing both functional and technical designs. In an Agile environment it is more likely that you’re just dealing with a few hundred work items that all need to be solved, although even Agile can create large documents for any new project.

But if you’ve done the Agile stuff properly, those documents should have been already translated into many small work items so the progress of the project can be measured more exactly.

I: Implementation

Once the coding is done, the project should be finished but in general it will have a lot of flaws and issues that are not conform the agreements with the customer. These could be critical errors like the system losing data when you click a specific button to trivial ones like two buttons which aren’t aligned properly.

I once had a customer who disliked the fact that the [OK] and [Cancel] button were the same size on a form, even though both words have various lengths. He didn’t like the white space on the [OK] button and it took some time to convince the customer to still agree with two buttons of the same size.

Another customer needed to be convinced that Comic Sans is not a good font for a serious desktop application, no matter how much he liked it.

But testing of your project is extremely important and this is where Agile methods have an advantage! When you’re doing Agile development then you can build weekly or even daily builds of the latest source code so the testers can start testing all things that have been implemented and the customer can take a peek at how far the current progress already is and provide feedback, if need be.

This feedback would generally mean going a few phases back for the current work item and would generally not have a huge impact on the other items. So in an Agile environment all phases tend to be mixed together, since the customer might already be making change requests while the testers are testing the project and you yourself would still be writing code.

In a Waterfall, the testers would need to wait until all your work is done. And feedback from the customer generally has to wait until even the testers are done. The waterfall has a clearer division of the various phases but tends to add more work when the design needs to change during development, simply because you have to go back one or more phases.

O&S: Operation and Support

Once the project is done and well-tested it is time to deliver it to the customer. Web applications are stored on a web server and desktop applications are packaged in a special installer. App Store applications are sent to the proper App Store and for mainframe applications you would generally send some developer over to the mainframe with a floppy disk or USB drive containing the source code to compile the project on the mainframe itself!

And with the Arduino, you’d upload the application onto the processor, add the additional electronics and case and ship it to the customer.

So, what would you need?

What you need is creativity to come up with new ideas for interesting projects. You need to be able to describe them and you need to be able to draw images of the design. You might even need to draw database models and programming structures and more. Knowledge of UML would provide a bonus but you have to be careful with such modeling principles.

Making models and documentation doesn’t need to be perfect! You can misuse UML any way you like for as long as you can get the idea across to your team members, your customer and the users.

UML is like a programming language: just a tool to change an idea into a product. It just isn’t that important although it is very useful.

Personally, I prefer to take pen and paper and just draw my designs freestyle. It saves me the time to open up some drawing application and then messing around to make a proper design. If I’m on the computer I could just as easily use my development environment to create the forms and GUI parts and thus finish the job faster. But if I do that, I would already be in the Realization phase while the previous phases aren’t finished yet. It tends to lead to more mistakes in the final product.

Besides, I have a scanner. Once my drawing is done, I use my scanner to scan it and if need be, I would add more texts and other stuff using Paint. But by visualizing the design and drawing it on paper you should get some very good designs to discuss with your customer. And customers don’t mind if you’re just showing them some hand-made drawing, as long as you can bring the concept across!

Thing is, while UML is praised all over in the Academic World, it is generally not used in the industry. And if it is used in any way, it is generally used in informal ways with ad hoc sketches. Rarely does anyone in the industry make complete designs in UML for their projects, simply because it is complex, gets out of sync with projects real fast and generally doesn’t provide that many advantages compared to the effort it takes to create these diagrams.

As a developer, you will need to learn to read documentation and to follow these instructions very strictly, unless there’s a good reason why something would not be possible. If something is impossible, you should provide feedback to the management and/or the customer explaining why something cannot be done. This, as soon as possible so there is plenty of time to change the designs.

As a developer you should also be able to write your own documentation and it should not surprise you if you’re spending more time on documenting your work than writing actual code! Thing is, most code is not as self-explanatory as most people expect it would be. Even if you include comments in your code to explain how everything works, things could still be unclear to other developers or even to yourself if you review your own code one year from now! Your code and your documentation need to be synchronized so people can check if your project does exactly what you’ve described. This allows better testing and for the customer it will be clearer to know what he agreed upon.

So make sure that you know how to document your projects properly!

As a good example of why this is so important there’s one situation that I resolved that succeeded because of me properly writing the documentation! A new feature needed to be added to a desktop application and a colleague of mine was given this task to implement this and 5 weeks to finish it. And this period included Christmas and New Year. He started working on it and started writing code, experimenting and asking advice but did not manage to get any idea of how to solve it and out of frustration, he’d just quit his job! Poof! Gone…

So, with three weeks to go and me having two weeks off for the holidays, it became my task to take this over. It had already been promised to a customer to be finished in the first week of the new year so failure wasn’t really an option. So I started working in my weekend to solve the problem. This meant reading what was required and coming up with a solution that could be implemented in just two weeks. Fortunately, there were two other developers who could help me to implement it all, but we first needed a good plan.

So, on saturday I started reading and making notes. I stayed away from my computer and only used print-outs of the functional design and existing code. It took most of the day but I did end up with some good ideas.

On sunday, I started up my computer and started writing a Word document with lots of details about my plan that would solve it. I added various diagrams and defined specific tasks that needed to be done for the project to finish. I also kept in mind the experience of the other two developers and checked which tasks they could do and which tasks I would have to do. And on sunday evening I printed several copies of this document and also emailed it to my colleagues.

On monday, I discussed my plan with my colleagues and made clear that everyone knew what their part in the design was. Even management had a copy of the design so everyone could take part in this discussion to make sure that my plan would provide what we needed. And once everyone agreed, we started coding.

On friday, we already had a good working version. A week afterwards, we had a well-tested version with some minor issues. And when we were supposed to be finished I was already enjoying my holidays and my colleagues had done the last finishing touches and the whole thing was delivered just in time. And it worked great, even though it had been a lot of work with all kinds of pitfalls.

But because I wrote a detailed document explaining what needed to be done, we could make a success out of something that appeared to become a disaster. And that’s why having proper documentation is so important.

I also have tales telling how not documenting your work can lead to failure. I’ve seen plenty of developers with whom I worked who just skipped making any documentation of the work they did. In one case, a colleague had written a very complex framework but without any proper documentation there was only one person who could use it. Which is very annoying when you have a team of 10 or more developers who all need to use that framework!

It also didn’t help that this framework had all kinds of design flaws which this developer would need to solve. Which he did, but for the others it was still hard to use this framework because some functionality did not work as expected and some weird dependencies were all over the code.

If there had been any documentation then everyone could compare the framework with the documentation and just read the documentation to find possible flaws, or to point out flaws in the code when the code did not do what the documentation told it would. The lack of documentation causes a lack of quality and made things harder for all developers involved. Unfortunately, this is how many developers like to work because they focus on the tools, not on the final product.

Which is why you need to learn hot to plan, design and document your projects even before you learn how to program!

In the next post, I will finally start talking about the programming language that every developer needs to know: Standard C.

By now, you should know about useful resources where you can find information you need. And you have trained yourself to think logically and to visualize your ideas. So, should you start picking a programming language now?

Nope! It is still a bit too soon, although it doesn’t hurt to look around a bit. No, you need to build up your knowledge first and decide on which platform you would actually want to start developing.

Mainframes

To begin, you could decide to start developing on mainframe systems. Mainframes have been in use by large organizations and often require specialized personnel to operate them. Learning to use these systems is difficult since you can’t easily buy one to train at home. These are the Behemoths of computing, the Goliaths in a world full of dwarves. And some of them are quite antique and have already been in use for decades.

This is also where computing meets archeology since mainframes need to be extremely strict in backward compatibility. The systems of today might still be running software that was created 30 years ago.

Modern mainframes can run multiple operating systems using virtualization so it is possible to install Windows or Linux inside such virtual machine. But there are several operating systems that have been created to run on mainframes and most of them are very similar to Unix. IBM actually supports Linux on their mainframes. So learning to work with mainframes isn’t that difficult anymore. But in this field, you need to have good skills to manage a mainframe system.

Mainframes are still very popular in large financial organisations like banks because they’re made to handle huge amounts of data.

Supercomputers

A second group of computers would be the Supercomputers. Here too we would be dealing with specialized hardware that require well-trained experts to handle it. With modern supercomputers you’re actually dealing with a machine that contains thousands of processors that will run instructions parallel to speed up their calculations. These machines are created to make a huge amount of calculations, where mainframes were made to handle huge amounts of data.

Supercomputers are especially useful in environments where you need to make complex calculations. For example, for weather forecasts and molecular modeling, a supercomputer happens to be an excellent tool.

They also make extremely powerful chess engines!

Supercomputers used to have proprietary operating systems but are also moving towards using Linux. Since Linux is an open-source operating system, it has become a very popular choice too.

Home Computers and Apple

About four decades ago, most computers were still mainframes or supercomputers. Having a computer at home was not considered very useful since computers were quite difficult to use and needed experts to handle them. So, not many people considered the option to start building cheaper models for people to use at home, except for a few hobbyists who liked to tinker with electronics.

When Apple was founded by Jobs, Wozniak and Wayne in 1976, no one really expected that the computer they had designed would become so popular. And while the first Apple I kits were still hand-build by Wozniak, it didn’t take long before this inexpensive machine became popular and encouraged other companies to also design similar, cheap computers. Brands like Commodore, Atari and Sinclair suddenly became well-known names even though these systems were far less powerful than the average smartwatch of today. There was a rise in people who started buying computers to use at home, for games and educational purposes. And the first computer magazines started to be sold in bookstores and various other places. And some of these systems also found a nice place in various offices, automating all kinds of things people needed to automate, like their bookkeeping and letter-writing.

Home computers are rare these days and Apple has turned into a variant of the personal computer and into some smart devices.

Personal computers

The Personal Computer started about 3 decades ago as the answer of IBM to the popularity of the Apple computers and the many Home Computers. In 1981 the first IBM PC was created but it took a few years before it started getting momentum on the computer market.

IBM mostly targeted small offices but also tried to get access to the Home Computer market, at which they succeeded. Of course, it did help that many other manufacturers started creating machines that were compatible with the IBM PC and that IBM allowed these manufacturers to do so. Apple did not allow any copycats and their prices were much higher than these new PC’s, thus Apple lost a huge market share in the end.

The Home computer did compete against the PC too, but with 640 KB of RAM versus the 64 or 128 KB that most Home Computers had, it was clear that the PC had the upper hand. Although Atari did last quite long against the PC but that was also because Atari had become popular as a video editing computer. Apple had more specialized in desktop publishing. The PC just became a more generic device.

The PC is still used today and most developers will develop software for the PC. The modern PC can also be used as a server for web pages, databases or files and is thus a very versatile device. Today’s choices in operating systems for the PC would be Windows or Linux although there are a few other alternatives. (FreeBSD and OpenSolaris, for example.)

The PC is an inexpensive yet very powerful device that has many uses. This is definitely something to learn more about.

Laptops, Netbooks, Apple and servers

A simple PC can be set up to serve as a server. With either Windows Server software or Linux, you could turn a PC into a web server to host a web site. Or change it into a database server so your data gets stored in a very optimized way. Or use it as a file server, although people tend to use more specialized NAS disks for this.

Apple has also seen the advantage that the PC has and is trying to become as versatile as the PC is. But with Apple you would limit yourself to their own operating system while the PC can use various different ones. Still, it is possible to install a different operating system on your Apple computer but this isn’t a popular option since Apple computers are generally more expensive than PC’s.

Laptops and Netbooks are limited versions of the PC. In general, a PC could be used 24/7/365 to run continuously without a keyboard, mouse or monitor. I myself am using such a PC as my web server! But laptops and netbooks have been created to serve a user and use batteries so the user does not need to be connected to some wall through wires.

Laptops are excellent devices if you want to develop software and don’t have a fixed desk to work from. You can take them with you wherever you go and thus you could write code while you’re in the bus or train. Well, the lack of Internet might be a problem but they make good tools for travelling developers.

Netbooks are generally smaller versions of laptops. They’re often not powerful enough for the bigger development systems but they can still be useful for maintaining existing code.

You would generally not use servers to develop software but they are very useful for test environments and to allow distribution of your software projects. They can also be used for your version control system that you use to keep track of all changes that you’re making in your code.

And Apple systems are also very useful if you’re developing for IOS devices or are doing visual designs and graphics. Apple has always been popular amongst graphic designers and for desktop publishing.

Tablets, mobile phones and Smartwatches

Today, technology is becoming smaller and smaller. The result is that you can now wear a device on your wrist that is more powerful than the PC was 20 years ago! These devices aren’t generally useful to use for development but they are a good platform to target for your own development.

The main choices you have here are Android and IOS, where IOS tends to be slightly more secure but where it is also harder to get your apps published. There’s also Windows Mobile, the Blackberry and various proprietary systems but they’re generally not that popular.

When developing for these devices you will have to keep all the limitations and extra’s in mind. You are dealing with a device that has limited resources but also a large amount of functions. Things like WiFi, GPS, Bluetooth and often two build-in camera’s are very common in these devices. And you can actually make phone calls with these things too in many cases! Thus it is a very interesting target for developers, although you need a lot of customers if you want to make profits since the prices for apps are generally quite low and the App Market also takes a percentage.

If you fail to make a good app then developing for these devices isn’t very effective.

Raspberry Pi

The Raspberry Pi is technically just a very small PC that can run Linux. The modern version can even run a special version of Windows 10.

The Raspberry Pi is an interesting device if you want to do some hardware prototyping. It is also popular for various home automation projects although it is mostly used by hobbyists.

With Python or C++ (or other programming languages) you can easily write applications that listen to WiFi for incoming commands to turn off the lights, turn on the coffee maker and bread machine and manage all other electronics in your house. You can also connect a hard disk to the USB port and turn it into a simple file server. Or even a simple web server.

Commercially, there isn’t that much use for these devices except for prototyping. Still, the low cost of the Raspberry Pi does open up various uses, even for commercial purposes. It can be used for 3D printers, for example. It has been used with a simple keyboard and monitor to make cheap computers. And there’s a large commercial market for add-ons to the Raspberry Pi, including add-ons for commercial usage.

It might not take long for the Raspberry Pi to find a place in the Commercial World.

Embedded software, Atmel and the Arduino

Currently, the Atmel ATTiny85 happens to be my favorite platform as target for my projects. Basically, you are actually writing applications at the processor-level and not for a whole machine. This is basically when you start working with Arduino boards and similar things.

There is a whole market of programmable processors with additional programming hardware and generally a simplified C compiler so you can write code that gets stored directly inside a processor. This processor would then become part of your own electronic soldering and most likely on a board of your own design and will do basically anything that you have programmed.

These processors are very popular to create tiny robots, to drive LED lights and sound devices and much, much more. This is also a very challenging thing to do because you’re not just programming a processor but you also have to build the whole machine around it.

You need knowledge of electronics and preferably you have the tools and knowledge to make containers for your electronic experiments. Having your own 3D printer would be very useful but then you’d need more skills in 3D graphic design. And learning to work with electronics isn’t easy too, since it differs a lot from programming. It involves a lot of math since you have to make calculations for voltage and current in your project.

These calculations for electronics can be simple. Say, you have a 5 volt battery, a white LED light and some wire. You can connect this but chances are that the LED will burn out because it gets too much current so you have to add a resistor. But to know which resistor you need, you need to know the formula and some other information to pick the right resistor. Well, you have your resources so I have no doubt that you would be able to find that answer.

But imagine how complex it becomes when you have multiple LEDs, a speaker and some other electronic components!

So, make your choice!

So I’ve mentioned several targets that developers can pick for their development. When I worked at IBM, mainframes were my target. Before, it was the Home Computer and afterwards it became the PC. I’m also familiar with Apple, laptops, netbooks, mobile devices and tablets, the Raspberry Pi and a lot of Arduino stuff, including the programming of a plain ATTiny85 processor. (And soon the raw ATMega328 processor.) I’ve seen a lot of it and in my experience, you have to pick one environment first and become familiar with it.

In operating systems, you best start with both Linux and Windows. Linux has more environments where it can be used, including mainframes and small devices like the Raspberry Pi. And technically, Android is a Linux distribution too. So, becoming familiar with Linux is important.

However, most offices and companies use Windows for their computers and Windows is also popular as web server. You should make sure you are familiar with Windows too.

If you want to develop for Apple devices then you will also need to add OS X and IOS to your knowledge base, although OS X is similar to Unix, and thus Linux.

So, it would be best to learn to use both Windows and Linux with a focus on the command line shells, the installation and uninstaling of software and the installation and upgrading of both operating systems. The most practical solution would be to install Windows on your PC and then use a virtual machine to run Linux within your Windows environment.

The biggest problem with Linux are actually the various distributions that are out there. The use of virtual machines would allow you to experiment with multiple distributions on a single PC.

But you will also have to pick some hardware as your development target! And mainframes and supercomputers will be difficult targets for someone with no experience. You need proper training before they would let you work with those things!

So, targets are the desktop computer, meaning building desktop applications. Or the web server with web applications. Or databases on a database server. Or smart devices like tablets and mobile phones. And if you know about electronics you can consider to do prototyping with the Arduino or Raspberry Pi to create a new device to put on the market!

If you try to target all this hardware at the same time, you will only make things very hard for yourself. However, there is a programming language that should be supported by all these hardware systems and whatever operating system they’re using. And that language is called ANSI C. Or ISO C. Or Standard C.

But more about C in a next post! First, you need to pick a target and become familiar with it! Build up your knowledge of your target.